Multimodal Discourse Analysis of Two English Learning Visual Advertisements Essay Example for Free

Multimodal Discourse Analysis of Two English Learning optical Advertisements EssayIt was not until the advent of new media age, which by definition involves prevailing digital-mediated communication modes and substantial usage of multiple semiotic resources combined in the realization of preachings, did the mainstream preference of monomodality unprecedentedly challenged (Kress Van Leeuwen, 2001). Language, as one of the semiotic resources, is by no means the only carrier to realize discourses. Diversity should be acknowledged in the current age when ocular, audio and other kinds of semiotic resources are convenient and efficient in delivering the abstract discourses concept into expressions (Kress, 2003). The play consume will base its analysis primarily on the multimodal discourse analysis model and optical grammar proposed by Kress and Van Leeuwen (1996, 2001), as an application of their theoretical framework into practices. Since the multimodal discourse analysis (here after MDA) theory has been established only within this recent decade, and it is relatively hard to find solid references to support this theory, flaws and limitations are thitherfore unavoidable.As MDA is considered the subdivision of Systemic Functional Linguistics (hereafter SFL) which focus on social semiotic approach of critical discourse analysis (hereafter CDA), this present study should be considered as an experimental attempt of utilizing MDA in incorporating social culture and ideology into discourse analysis1. Firstly, the rationale underneath this present research is based on Kress and Leeuwens four-layered meaning rendering domains known as strata (Kress Leeuwen, 2001), as well as their theoretical construction of opthalmic grammar, which is an outspread, or much specifically generalization of oral grammar (Kress Leeuwen, 1996). Basically, the theory of strata gives an overall account of meaning- make in multiple articulations among discourse, design, production an d distribution, the first two of which being associated with content and the latter two with expression. The basic meaning making flow is conceptualization (from discourse to design), materialization (from design to production) and reproduction (from production to distribution).In this research, only the first phase of meaning articulation will be dealt with, because the data analyzed here are visual advertisement throwaways on the internet without tangible material texture such as paper or stone, which made the analysis less complex and more than focused. According to Kress and Van Leeuwen (2001, pp.21), the process of design involves three things simultaneously (1) a formulation of a discourse or combination of discourses, (2) a particular (inter)action, in which the discourse is embedded, and (3) a particular way of combining semiotic modes. This threefold process has at least two implications (1) the realization of social communication by encoding the abstract discourse into a specific design and (2) deliberate choice of communication media finished which the meaning could be more effectively delivered, such as the combination of music, image and sequence in films. For the second implication, this present research only involves visual mode of semiotic resource which further reduced the complication of analysis. The first implication is actually the central focus in this research paper.If the process of innovation is, to some extend, a process of encoding, then using the visual grammar to analyze this design is exactly the reverse process, namely decoding. That is to say, this paper is aiming at using visual grammar as a tool to decode the visual image so that to find out the hidden social constructed discourses underneath the poster. The similarity between visual grammar and verbal grammar lies in their system underlying the language-use, the ubiquitous fundamental elements of linguistic rules (Chomsky, 1972). This generative grammar lends validity to the set of rules Kress proposed suitable for analyzing visual literacy or visual language. This present analysis will primarily follow Kress framework of visual grammar, divided into three levels representational, interactional and compositional. The representational grammar is heavily associated with ideational meaning in SFL, which basically deals with the internal relations between the depicted participants and a setting of circumstances in which they occur2.The representational grammar is basically realized by senders which could exhibit the interrelations between the participants or between the participant and the viewer. In advertisement 1 (see appendix), the participant is a young white-collar employee who desperately gazing towards the reader/viewer. From the perspective of the representational grammar, this is a non-transactional reaction, geekized by a gazer but without a phenomenon appearing on the poster. The non-transactional process is characterized by a vector exte nding from the gazers eye towards immediatelyly outside the poster or to the reader/viewer who looks at the poster. Similarly, advertisement 2 (see appendix) also shows a non-transactional reaction. But the gazera caricature figure of ancient Chinese historical character Zhuge Liangdoes not extend his eye-line vector directly towards the reader but to somewhere else without specified phenomenon. Moreover, the second advertisement has, though implicit, an action vector the feather lover in the cartoon figures hand indicates a manner of waving.Although this action vector is also non-transactional, it is stronger than a reaction vector. If comparing these two posters from a representational level, the first one is completely reaction vector with clear pointing angle to the reader. That is to say, the reader/viewer here is actually the phenomenon of the gazer. The second one has both action vector and reaction vector, though both non-transactional. The action vector adds to the poster s agentive quality and centralized its salience on the movement of waving feather fan. The interactive grammar is concerned with social relations between interactants and the represented world of text (readers/viewers). There are four major systems contacts, social distance, military posture and modality (Kress Van Leeuwen, 1996, pp.43-118). The following part will analyze the two posters within each system. In the first advertisement, the interactive participant, or that young potent white-collar imposes a demand contact towards the viewer, which is a direct eye-line vector towards outside the poster. Contrastively, the gazer on the second poster presented an offer contact, which is characterized by no direct eye contact (though imaginary) with the viewer.The distinction between demand and offer significantly distinguished these two posters. The mood represented in the first one is more engaged, direct and intensive. The young male looks directly to the reader as if interrogatin g the readers if they had been through the same desperation and suspicion on the fact whether Chinese could ever remove English well. He seeks the recognition and resonances from the reader towards his own feelings. His demanding eye-line attracts the readers counter-directional reaction vector, and the reader will feel passively being gazed and therefore a tense feeling and obliged inward self-inspection whether I am just like him who cannot learn English well. However, the mood in the second poster is more disentangled, aloof and carefree.The cartoon character looks at somewhere else as if intentionally avoiding eye contact with the reader. This manner of offer invites the reader to cast reaction vector towards him. By showing a confident manner of already discovered the secrets of learning English, this advertisement uses the absence of contact as a scheme to arouse viewers interest in discovering what exactly is the secret that this ancient sage has. Similarly, under the socia l distance system of analysis, the first poster is very intimate/personal, characterized by a close shot, yet the second one is relatively impersonal under a medium shot. From the perspective of view system, the first poster is presented from a front, eye-level angle which represents heavy involvement and equal status with the viewers.The designer of the poster intends to create a young man who could be anyone of those young white-collar who has problems learning English. The second one is also presented from a front, eye-level angle. Yet it is noticeable that due to the disproportion of its body and the small proportion between his eyes and the entire face, it is very likely to get an illusion that it is a low angle, which signifies the represented participants power. The compositional grammar primarily deals with the way in which randomness or value is transferred from the represented participants towards the viewers. Since the two posters both adopted a centered circular positi on which presented their central characters in the very core of the composition, there is very little to compare in the aspect.

Compare the Ways in Which Susan Hill Essay Example for Free

oppose the Ways in Which Susan Hill EssayComp are the Ways in Which Susan Hill and Thomas unafraid(p) Present Their Narratives of Suspense and the Supernatural in the Woman in Black and the Withered Arm? some(prenominal) the Woman in Black and the Withered Arm are well known pieces of modern literature, and utilize both different and similar methods to present a narrative of the supernatural. In this assessment of the two books I will be considering the pace, tension, description, structure, style, literature impostures and the creative writing within the two books. However throughout my military rank of the two pieces I will take into account the fact that although The Withered Arm and The Woman in Black are both considered short stories or else than novels, their lengths vary immensely. This may help account for some of the differences exactly may also be a reflection of the authors preferred style of writing, and therefore dirty dog be dropd to give us a better insi ght into their backgrounds and motives behind every literal device. Thomas Hardy, the author of The Withered Arm is in all likelihood one of the most effective and to the point authors of his time.Every single person, every single place and every single object in the book has a point, whether it is an obvious point or a more vague and ambiguous point. Therefore person, place and object create a very effective interpreter of the scenic code in The Withered Arm by Hardy. Hardy uses his flair for world succinct and concise to not only decrease the do of words needed to tell the report card, but to also increase the add together of hidden and inconspicuous messages in the written and spoken dialogue. This shadower justify the amount of detail in the book in relation to the length of the paper.The concealed details give indications and suggestions into faces further on. An example of this is the hint surrounding the future of Rhodas son. Hardy strings him as playing with a kn ife, and returning from catching coneys, which implies that at this time, his life involves crossing lines with the law, and that his future will be linked with the law, crime and punishment. The Woman in Blacks author Susan Hill employs a different style of writing which is intentionally drawn out and long-winded then abrupt and unexpected to embark the referee on a rollercoaster ride affair within the book.It is filled with changes in pace, tension and emotion that create dips, build ups, climactic peaks, and the eventual and inevitable uproar period of the come down. The rollercoaster ride within The Woman in Black is deliberate as to ensnare the concentration of the reader, keep them on their toes and heighten their consciousness of the story. The dips occur during scenes unconcerned of the supernatural, such as in the second chapter, where the objective of the narrative at this point is simply to plot the way for the supernatural to transpire.In this chapter concerning the assigning of Arthur Kipps to the e area of the lately deceased Alice Drablow, there is no hint of the sinister events to come, except perhaps of the ominous feelings created by the considerably described state of Londons fog. These ominous feelings are repeated by the portrayal of foggy weather later on in the book, where it is used to good effect to assist in the build-ups in pace, tension and emotion. There is an immense feeling of menace and apprehension during the build-ups, which help to accumulate a sense of foreboding.This may be likened to the Hollywood device of a book bindingground crescendo before a frightening event. The climactic peaks of a ghost sighting occur for only a short time, but Hill prolongs the events with detailed descriptions. These descriptions are recurring throughout the book, and at times can be described as a logorrhoea. These excessive flows of language are on occasion unnecessary, but understandable in terms of the purpose of varying the pace and te nsion. The post-supernatural event calm allows the reader to recover from the event and lulls them back into a state of comfort.The Withered Arm is in the third person, which has the benefit of giving the narrator a feeling of omnipotence. This is advantageous as it lends the narrative the use of describing everything that is occurring with a link to the story. The Withered Arm starts off in a simple, stable and somewhat controlled environment however when Hardy throws in the bitter emotions of a discarded lover and the conflict between the supernatural and mere coincidence, the story get downs a lot more elaborate.Whereas Hill states that it is actually a ghost story and offers no other alternative explanation, Hardy tries hard to keep this distinction vague and indistinguishable. He doesnt define the story as being of the supernatural, but instead tries to make us believe the logic of coincidence. This could be a measure of reverse psychology, intertwined with the exploitation of human instincts. Saying that it isnt a ghost story makes us want to disbelieve the statement and formulate our own ideas that it is a ghost story and it also immediately places the statement of a ghost story into the nous repayable to instinct.Hardy extends the argument for mere coincidence with Conjuror Trendle joking about his apparent powers and dismissing them as pure luck. Further evidence of his wish to drop dead the supernatural in shrouds of mystery is his modifications from his unsolicited first version in 1887 to the altered edition in 1888. Changes like from she would not explain to she could not explain on page 64, and the addition of dream to precede scene on page 68 create hesitation as to the certainty of the supernatural event actually taking place.The Woman in Black is written in the first person, which has the advantage of presenting this feeling of a memory rather than a story being told by the narrator. This give outs to the hypothesis that, as a ghost story , one of the authors intentions for the book was as a publicly performed storytelling book. This furthers its notion of a classic Dickensian story (such as A Christmas Carol) which has been made a part of modern literary culture and is widely associated with storytelling. However, the first person means that the story can only be describe through the eyes of the main character, Arthur Kipps.Evolutions in plot can only happen under Arthurs presence, but this does not lead to too much of a problem as all of the main events happen to Arthur and any necessary information is relayed through him to the reader by someone else. These informing conversations happen with a number of people who are all reluctant to divulge all they know to Arthur. Hill uses their unwillingness to expand the changes in tension. Her use of the characters is not limited to increasing tension and the sense of foreboding but also to increasing comfort. Hill uses two characters to reinforce this sense of comfort, S tella (Arthurs fiancie) and Samuel nonchalant (Arthurs new friend). Stella is never seen apart from the last chapter, but is frequently used as a mental comforter for both Arthur and the reader, when they are scared. She adds depth to his character, reminding the reader that Arthur is capable of love. She adds a facet to Arthurs personality that gives the reader more to connect to. Samuel Daily is the only friendly person in Crythin Gifford, and is used as a Safety Blanket, another means of comfort for Arthur that is physical rather than just mental, as with Stella.He is also a means for Susan Hill to slowly describe the story of Jennet Humhrye, using Samuel to reluctantly release the details he knows about. This combats the problem of the 1st person limitations effectively. Events that do not happen to Arthur are being known to the reader in a manner which suits the story. Hardy uses his characters in a different way. Unlike Hill, where the moral classifications are immediately se t, Hardys characters have no obvious categorisation into hero, friend or villain.Even though it is a very short story compared Hills he manages to give the characters superior, making them mysterious in their personality traits. Both of the main characters are female, and have multi faceted personalities, which develop and change over the period of the book. Rhoda, the main character in the first half(a) of the story, is initially disturbing and malevolent with her obsession towards Gertrude. It seems as if she is the token villain and the supernatural force, but Hardy casts doubts on this by conflicting the paranormal with coincidence, as previously mentioned.Hardy thickens the plot by portraying the mystic as either an accident or as not occurring at all, that the events are due to the freaks of coincidence, and are not by Rhodas intent. Gertrude is the main character in the second half of the story distinguished by a six-year gap. She is initially modest, generous and beautiful, the holy man of a lady. But during the second half, the reader learns that she becomes fixated on necromancy as a cure for her disfigurement. The Withered Arm has an unoriginal structure, as it is in chronological order.However, the second half of the story takes place 6 years after the first half, which signifies both that there is a change in the story (Gertrudes actions become the focus of the narrative) and that Gertrudes ailment in the first half was not serious enough to kill her, she simply declined into a loveless marriage. Hill employs an original structure to her story where a framing narrative precedes the main bulk of the story. This Love plays a major part in the two books it serves as a reason for some of the events and gives motives for some peoples actions.In the withered arm, love could be considered the driving force behind Rhodas initial hate for Gertrude. It is Gertrudes deep desire to be love again that forces her to take such extreme measures. It is Jennet Hu mphyres love for her son that makes her become a malevolently evil force. In conclusion I speak up that Hardys narrative of the supernatural is superior to Hills as although it is much shorter, using literary analysis, I have discovered that it contains far more in terms of detail, allusion, references, prophesies and abstrusity and ambiguity.

The Consequences Of Being A Passive Listener English Language Essay

The Consequences Of Being A Passive Listener English Language Essay auditory sense is an essential fragmentize of communication and is different from hearing. Listening means paying constant attention and making sense of what is be utter. Hearing on the some other hand is merely acknowledging that some maven is speaking. Hearing is inactive while comprehend is active. Listening is a non oral skill. It is the act of interpreting, remembering and taking into custody what has been said. A tender is of two types a good attender and a bad listener.A good listener is one who is patient and calm. He is a critical idea who listens to each word said carefully and with come out of the closet judgment or interruption. He is active, persistent and immortalizes carefully consideration when listening to what is being said. A good listener can place himself in the shoes of others, see how what is being said impacts him and see their point of view. He can tune out distractions and focus on what the vocalizer is saying. He also makes nones and jots down the important points. He is attentive, does non interrupt and picks out vocal and non verbal cues from the speaker. He knows that listening is the primary opening of knowledge.On the other hand a bad listener is the exact opposite of a good listener. He pretends to be listening to what is being said while he lets his mind wander to remote issues. He does non pick out the main idea of what is being said and often finds what the speaker says to be boring. He listens to sounds rather than the course of what is being said. He gives in freely to distractions and is often a noisemaker who distracts the attention of others in the process. He is the person who is in general to relaxed in class and sits in informal positions.Listening is also of two types active listening and still listening.Active listening is the act of hearing the words and identifying the feelings associated with the words. An active listener co ncentrates on what is being said and is able to tune out unnecessary distractions. To be an active listener one must show empathy, acceptance and willingness to take responsibility for completeness. An active listener shows reactions to prove that he is listening and has unders alsod what has been said, this could be nodding, making eye contact, seventh cranial nerve expressions, asking questions, paraphrasing, not talking too much and so forth. Furthermore he reflects on the main point and sum ups what has been said. He is also able to pick out the verbal and non verbal cues from the speaker.Passive listening according to Baker(1971)is the listening done whereby on that point is little self perception or personal involvement on the part of the listener. A passive listener is one who is inattentive and uninvolved l does not identify the meaningful signals and cannot interpret what is being said. He listens without reaction and doesnt show signs that he understands what is being s aid.. He is the type who interrupts the speaker before he or she finishes speaking. This is not the best listening habit. A passive listener can be illustrated as a rock, he can be seen scarcely he does not absorb any information. It goes in through one ear and comes out the other. He is the type that advantageously forgets and stores irrelevant information in his memory. He often misses out on the verbal and non verbal cues presumptuousness by the speaker during a conversation. He lets his mind wander far and near during a conversation and appears to be listening but is really someplace else. He does not contribute to the subject and doesnt give sand feedbacks. A passive reader has a short concentration orthodontic braces.Attention is a requirement of learning. We cannot understand, learn or remember something unless we pay attention. Passive attention is uncontrolled and dependant on external factors.thither are various consequences of being a passive listener. Some of which are discussed belowPassive listeners practice hearing i.e. they hear only the sounds coming out of the speakers mouth. They do do not cultivate good listening skills i.e. they are not effective listeners. They do not make a habit out of listening attentively and understanding what is being said. They pretend to listen while letting their minds wander supreme, giving in to distractions and so on.Passive listeners have a short concentration span this means that they only concentrate for short periods of time. Due to distractions which they may give out or receive, they allow their mind to wander to irrelevant issues which do not concern what they are listening to. When they find a topic boring or difficult their state of mind changes towards that topic .i.e. they are instantly chuck off by it and are not encouraged to learn more, they pretend to listen and understand and do not concentrate on what is being said.Also, passive listeners miss out the key points and the main idea of wha t is being said. They only surface listen which is pretending to listen. Even though they are physically show there mind is not. They do not watch out for the importance of the lesson. Again due to distractions or voluminous jottings they miss out the verbal and non verbal cues the speaker gives out.In addition to, passive listeners do not focus completely on what the speaker is saying. They often misinterpret his points which could lead to disagreements, talking out of turn and debates in the midst of the passive listener and the speaker.Furthermore, passive listeners normally possess bad sitting postures. One should be comfortable while listening but not to relaxed. They are often to relaxed while listening which may give rise to sleep and missing the aim of the lesson.Also passive listeners do not give out positive gestures to show that they are listening and comprehending what is being said. Like nodding of the had in agreement, paraphrasing what is being said, positive or neg ative facial expressions, asking relevant questions within and outside the topic, clapping, shaking of the head in disagreement and so on.In addition to, passive listeners are the type that makes irrelevant copious notes which distracts them from the importance of the lesson while pretending to be listening. They write down almost everything the speaker says thinking that that is what is important. They do not jot down and summarize the key points of the topic .They do not possess an undivided attention thereby giving in to distraction which are noise making, using of phones or other gadgets at the wrong time, constantly looking at ones watch, listening to music while listening, etc.Passive listeners do not reflect and place into use what is being said, bring up meaningless points and are mostly the people who come in late and leave early, sit at the back and never in the front rows unless they are told to do so. They are not critical thinkers, they do not think deep about what the y are listening to.Passive listeners do not keep an open mind when they are listening they are not matured listeners and are the type that are easily put off by irrelevant things. They look for the faults in the speaker or in what he is saying rather than grasping the importance of his topic.There are various guidelines or rules one must follow to be a good listener. This includes stopping anything one is doing when a discussion is going on, ensuring that there are no barriers or distractions around, making observations not copious notes one will not understand in the future but summarizing the key points i.e. course in which events occurred, peoples names, names of cities or countries, occupation of people etc. Sitting at ease but not being too relaxed which may give way to sleep, not allowing ones mind wander away, putting into practice the habit of paying attention to someone and not being discouraged by earlier failures, keeping an eye out for the main points of the lecture, no t sitting with people who could be a distraction and not being a distraction our self, getting the information first and not looking out for irrelevant flaws with the speaker.In conclusion, we have learnt what listening is, the difference between listening and hearing, the differences between a good and bad listener, types of listening, guidelines to being a good listener, what one should do when one is speaking, what distractions are, the differences between an active and a passive listener and the consequences of being a passive listener. Therefore one must strive to be an effective and active listener so as to be a better learner.

Electromagnetic Field in MRI

Electro magnetised Field in magnetic resonance imagingHaoqi YuPhysics 2702Tatiana SeletskaiaMRI is an abbreviation of magnetic resonance imaging, it is first disc over by two physicists in 1947, Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell. MRI is an imaging device that uses both powerful magnetic theaters and radiocommunication frequency to produce enlarge pictures organs and structures inside the human body. It is mainly used to detect the oscillations of hydrogen divisions. The magnetic discipline strength in an MRI machine is measured in Tesla (T), majority of clinical MRI are performed at 1.5 or 3T. The MRI machines produces an extremely strong magnetic field up to 50,000 times that of the Earths magnetic field and electromagnet of similar strength would be able to pick up a car. Static magnetic fields are created by the flow of direct legitimate electricity,The human body is made up of 70% of water, which is largely composed of water molecules. A water molecule consists of two a toms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. MRI relies on the magnetic properties of a hydrogen atom to produce images. Hydrogen being the simplest element in the periodic table, it consists of just a atomic number 53 proton for its nucleus, with no neutrons and is orbited by a single electron. A way to model a proton is to think of it as a sphere composed of positive certain loops that are stacked to one another. Like the earth, proton has a spin, a north and south pole, and it spins around its magnetic pole. As a positive spinning supercharged particle, it produces a magnetic dipole moment. Normally, the proton is oriented randomly so there is no overall magnetic field, it will just spin regularly. When it is placed in an electromagnetic field, the proton will start precessing, at a rate depending on the field strength of the MRI system. The components of the MRI system include the special magnet, slope magnet, radiofrequency (RF) coils, and the computer system. The primary magne tic field refers to the strength of the static permanent field, hydrogen atoms align replicate or antiparallel to the primary field (B0), this is called longitudinal magnetization. The main purpose of this RF pulse is to disturb the protons which are precessing. A greater proportion of the hydrogen protons aligns to the direction parallel to the primary magnetic field or low energy state than antiparallel or high energy state. The net magnetic transmitter is in the direction of the primary magnetic field. The proton spin around the long axis of the primary magnetic field is called precession, the precession rate is called the Larmor frequency. When protons precess together, this is know as in phase, when protons process separately, that is known as out of phase. The frequency changes in proportion to the magnetic field strength at 1.5T is 63.9MHz.The gradient coils generate secondary magnetic field over the primary field, they are located within the bore of the primary magnet. They are arranged in opposition to each other to produce positive and blackball poles, the arrangement of these gradient coils gives MRI the capacity to image directionally along x, y, z axis. Gradient magnets alter the strength of the primary magnetic field, thereby changing the cash advance frequencies between slices. The RF coil is used to transmit a second magnetic field, which results in a disturbance of the proton alignment. Some low energy parallel protons flip to a higher energy state, decreasing longitudinal magnetization. Protons then become synchronized and precess in phase. Thus, a net magnetization vector turns towards the transverse plane to the primary magnetic field. The radio frequency coil is used to receive signals to create images as protons resume their normal state in the primary magnetic field prior to transmission of the RF pulse. After the RF pulse, protons flip back to their low energy state parallel to the primary magnetic field.MRI machines uses static magn etic fields in the range of 200 to 3000mT. Static magnetic fields are generated by permanent magnets, wherever electricity is used in form of direct current through superconductors. The signal with the body increases as the field strength of the static field increases. The MRI machine gets the image from the hydrogen body in our body, when the body is in the MRI, it activates the hydrogen atoms. It puts them in a state where there now susceptible to forms of energy, when radio frequency energy is added, the hydrogen atoms are in a high-energy state. When hydrogen atoms are in the high-energy state, they are going to try to falloff its energy level and bother it to the surrounding structures. Hydrogen atoms in fat have a different frequency in terms of its ability to release radio frequency energy, so the MRI image is bright and dark.ReferencesYouTube. Ominhs, 14 Oct. 2011. Web. 07 Mar. 2017..Magnetic resonance imaging. BMJ British Medical Journal. Ed. Abi Berger. BMJ, 05 Jan. 20 02. Web. 07 Mar. 2017.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica, inc., n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2017.Blink, evert J. Mri Physics. Mri Physics. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Mar. 2017.Schild, Hans H. MRI, made easy ( well almost). Berlin Schering, 1990. Print.Static Fields. Static Fields 3. What Are the Sources of Static Magnetic Fields? Green Facts, n.d. Web. 07 Mar. 2017.

Youth Drug Abuse Hong Kong

Youth Drug Ab persona Hong KongYouth paradox is a wide-ranged and intertwined unrivaled among the companionable problems. With the development of information technology and economics, the teen daters be face with more temptations than the older generations of their age, in some other words, they have more choices for fun, like online games, Japanese cartoon and animation books and magazines, everyday updated fashionable accessories, hi-tech products and something stomach install the new generation feel like in the trend. However, out of some reasons, they are wedded to be addicted with the novelties and then deviate from their normal life, such(prenominal) as the internet addiction, alcohol nuisance, drug outcry and so on. Some of those youth problems are independent, but close to of them are relevant and can produce each other. Quite recent, I watched a documentary film named the Crimson Jade telling a story about a drug abuse schoolgirl, which arouse me to dig more about the three-year-old drug abuse group. Thus, in this paper, I especially choose the youth drug abuse problem as the topic.Drug abuse is regarded as a serious teenager problem in Hong Kong. The age of the individuals who is the outgrowth time f and so oning drug is junior than past since 2007, the reported drug abuser under 21 increased by 34 pct within 3 years (Qing shao nian du pin pilar cyst ti zhuan ze xiao zu bao gao zhai yao, 2008) In the year of 2007, almost all reported young drug abuser (99 percent) once took the mentally damaging drugs, only 2 percent of them took the traditional drugs (mainly the heroin), and in that location were 80.2 percent of young abuser took the ketamine for the most part (Qing shao nian du pin wen ti zhuan ze xiao zu bao gao zhai yao, 2008).The developing traits of the Hong Kong teenagers drug abuse1) the age of abusers tends to be younger as time goes on 2) increasing females become the drug abusers (Luan, 2010), the drug addictive fe male under 21 increased by 25 percent than the same duration in the first half year of 2008. 3% of youth are easily tend to be bear on in drug dealing and/or smuggling.The definition of the youth drug abuseAccording to the definition of deviant behavior, the drug abuse is one of forms of that. Therefore, it is undeniable to identify the meaning of source first. After re minting the textbook, it can be illustrated that the deviance involves the activities do not compliant with the fond norms and are unreached the expectations of members from a item society (Haralambos, 2008). Deviance in a sociological context describes actions or behaviors that violate cultural norms including formally-enacted rules (e.g., crime) as well as informal violations of social norms (e.g., rejecting folkways and norms). It is the laggard of sociologists, psychologists, psychiatrists, and criminologists to study how these norms are created, how they change over time and how they are enforced (Wikipedi a, 2010). It can be illustrated that the crime, delinquency, different kinds of addictions are the forms of the deviant behaviors, and the drug abuse is one of the addictions. In terms of the definition of youth drug abuse, the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Dis battle arrays (DSM), no longer regarded drug abuse as a current medical diagnosis. Instead, DSM has adopted substance abuse (Wikipedia, 2010) as a blanket term to embrace drug abuse and other things. In my view, I think the youth drug abuse is young batch who have their internal problems (mental and physical) and influenced by the external factors from their peers, families, neighhoods, and social trend and culture, are resulting in passive emotion, thereby tending to transfer or shirking the negative emotion temporarily through fetching drugs without tackling the cover problems. Additionally, according to Elises lecture, it was told that the alcohol abuse also belong to the drug abuse, for the alcohol is one of the chemicals can induce the mentally active abnormal syndrome. But in this paper, it mainly narrows run through the topic to the usual understanding of the drugs like ketamine, heroin and marijuana etc.The nature and origin of youth drug abuseThe micro level1) item-by-item factor partial reasons are personality and the developmental physical function of the young drug abuse. The former is instinctively from the billet of the psychology, such as admirer or novelty anticipateing, inhibition and antisocial traits. The pot who are inclined to be the drug abuser showed several personality deficits in common 1) behavioural problem. 2) Emotional obsession. 3) Low self-esteem. 4) Low resistance to obstacles.5) Swaying will(Yang, 2008).the latter is physiology, for adolescence is the transition from child to teenagers whose physical functions are developing under flux, thus some deficit of the embody might be aroused during that time (Luan, 2010) . Analyses of many studies have concluded that genes influence 40 to 50 percent of the variation in antisocial behaviors with a population, and 60 to 65 percent of the variation in aggressive antisociality (Rhee Waldmam, 2002 Tackett, Krugeger, Iacono, McGue, 2005). Owing to the research of Coleman, the certain genes in some individuals can render them more prone to be the drug abusers (2009).In addition, Laura deemed that the addiction is a disease in the brain that can control of it (2008).The mezzo level1) Family factors the family integrity (whether the teenage humps with single kindle or not), the communication pattern of the family members etc., especially the lacking of monitoring of a teenagers interpersonal relationship and whereabouts, regarded as the most influential predictor of the drug use of that age (Chilcoat and Anthony, 1996 Williams and Hine, 2002).Further more, the parents acknowledgement and the cognition on the drugs can not match the developmental understan ding of their childrens. There were 30 percent of interviewed parents did not know or could not be sure about whether their children had taken drugs or not (Ming Pao, 2009). It is the fact that parents are lacking the basic knowledge on updated drug-taking development in youth therefore they are not that sensitive and alert to the slight symptoms or unusual behaviors of their children, and their care for the children might put in the inappropriate place.2) compeer factors except the parenting influence, the peer group is the sources of affection, sympathy, understanding, moral guidance, a place for experimentation, a setting for achieving autonomy and independence from parents (Papalia, 2009). Adolescence is the transition stage of an individual, from which an individual gradually starts to live more independent and dedicate more time with peers. Therefore, the peers or friends choosing for the youth put on for a pivotal role in accepting influence from the the great unwashed the y hang out with. Some negative peer pressure might breed from the interaction among the association, for instance, a negative role model in a clique takes drugs and also escape the punishment from law might encourage his or her friends to try the drug, for complicated faction of the fluke mind and peer pressure, the ministration member of the clique probably might imitate the negative one. From 2008 to the first half year of 2010, according to statistics results from the Narcotics Division, Security Bureau of Hong Kong, there was over 60 percent respondent to choose the Influenced by the peers, I want to fit in the peers group as the initial reason why they take the drugs for slap-up years(ND, 2010). Additionally, young people are inclined to those whose are similar to themselves in school achievement, adjustment, and prosocial or antisocial tendencies (Collins et al., 2000 B. B. Brown et al., 1993).3) School and community risk factors Friedman took the view that the teenagers wh o had poor academic performance and/or behavioral problems are prone to substance abuse at a high risk (Friedman, Bransfield, Kreisher, 1994). A harsh disciplinary school can possibly restrict teenagers from the potential influence of the other factors. At school teachers evaluate students basically towards their academic performance instead of well-rounded perspective out limited human resources and effective and applicable methods. Students who have poor performance academically might be looked upon as the deviants and spoilt students at school.In my point of view, the school the whereabouts those students who have poor academic performance are labeled as the bad ones. Because self-concepts of individuals are largely stem from the responses of others, and they will tend to indentify themselves with that certain label (Haralambos, 2008) some young people are just potentially deviant once labeled as the concrete deviant, which will possibly trigger them give off the potential t endency into reality as well as the behaviors are going to be reinforced. From the perspective of labeling theory, Becker thought that the deviant behaviors resulted from those who had power could define others and make them label sticker. Here it can be seen that the school is the party with power who seems can be the judge, meanwhile, the students are compelled to receive the inappropriate judgment, which is unfair and ill-considered. As for Lemert the other advocator of the theory, he deemed that there were the primary deviation and the secondary deviation that publically labeled. But the former effected very little to whom were labeled for the first time, which means, it is slightly possible to elicit the being first labeled ones to do something deviant. Only the latter was the decisive cause for the concrete deviant to happen. If some students with poor academic performance receive the negatively labeling comments (they can be regarded as the negative punishment) again and aga in, there is no doubt that the self-identities are questioned and the potential deviant tendency will be possibly triggered.In terms of community, the living circumstance of teenagers is quite important. The accessibility to the drugs of the neighborhoods and the degree of awareness of forbidden drugs are the influential factors for the teenagers. I think the influences can be good or not, it can be imagined that if the young people with drug abusive tendency live in positively active neighborhoods, the possibility for them of transforming into the drug abuser is still quite low, therefore neighborhoods can play the vital roles as the positive reinforcement for the possible deviant behavior of the youth.The macro level1) Culture and social factors from the perspective of Marxism, it is acknowledged that the economic base of operations decides the superstructure. Hong Kong is a world class cosmopolitan city with rapid speed life tempo, no matter which aspect is in the first class o f the world. Hong Kong people can have the most updated electronic products, the comic books, and the so-called leisure style like taking some drugs, which are pretty attractive for the young people to give it a try. The teenagers of that age are easy to do something deviant impulsively and over-esteemed to think they can control themselves, which lead them to deem that taking drugs is not a big deal. The misconception of leisure modes in these entertainment stack media is likely to have deteriorative effects on the moral conscience of the young people.In addition, all kind forms of mass media like the TV, radio, magazines, newspapers, especially the barrier-free internet services create infinite accessibilities for the juveniles to the violence and pornography that are exactly one of the sources prominent the chance to the youth to imitate the negative side of the humanity consciously or subconsciously, like instigating peers to try the drugs or even being the drug dealers. In th e light of the exploratory study by Yung Lai fong, she concluded that the adverse influence of the unhealthy representations on newspapers/movies/VCDs was great. The comic books/magazines on sex and violence, in particular, appeared to have the most damaging effects on the healthy development of young people (Yung, L, Edith, 1998). There is no doubt that the mass media does have the far-reaching and perpetuating impacts on the development of the young people intellectually and morally, and on their attitudes and perspectives towards self and others as well.In conclusion, the three levels analysis for the origin and nature of the youth drug abuse are interactional to each other, one factor can not bring about the consequence of youth drug abuse recursively. The factors of different levels are considered as the social institutions, and they interact and have mutual impact to each other, in the specific condition, can turn the drug abusive tendency into reality.Intervention from diffe rent levelsIn my opinion, the social worker can be compared to the agent that is functioning as the bridge between the knob and the other social institutions. Therefore, it is necessary to fully tip the functions of the agent to bridge well connections among those social institutions.From the macro level, in campus and off campus, social workers can promote and popularize the essential knowledge on drugs and its terms as well as the negative influences to abusers and their families, peers and the society. Especially, the agency can bring the advantages of mass media into full play by cooperating with them, and its social workers can held some activities in order to disseminate the general ideas on disadvantages and the irreversible damages to the youth, and advocate the appropriate way to report some pop stars who take drugs and favorable in teenagers but not advocate it as a novel lifestyles.E.gIn the mezzo and micro levels, social workers and the agency can filter down the gul l group, and then carry out the relevant intervention plans. When carrying out the intervention, social workers should be sensitive about the slight changes of the high risky youth, and the possible behavioral characteristics them are as follows 1) Borrowing money from friends more often. 2) The abuser is looked dispirited and low-energy, sometimes having unusual excitements and meaninglessness behavior. 3) The abuser immediately turns to be depressive after behaving mirthfully and talkatively (00).In terms of the specific approach, the social workers can adopt the CBT-MBT (cognitive Behavioral Therapy with Motivational Therapy), according to previous experience, CBT-MBT has been evaluated primarily in cases of young people abusing marijuana, 10 out of 12 randomized clinical trails have supported the effectiveness of the approach, with the effects persisting for as long as 30 months after treatment (Waldron, Turner,2008).The social workers can also refer to hardheaded skills duri ng a ten-session CBT 1) refusing offers to use drugs 2) expanding the young persons networks 3) avoiding high-risk drug use situations 4) managing anger 5) communicating with parents and peers 6) dealing with dispirited mood 7) coping with craving (Scharffer, Chang, Henggeler, 2008). In my point of view, among those skills, the social workers should carry them out logically and progressively according to different situations and the major inducement of taking drugs of clients. For example, given that the clients are easily prone to be influenced by peers and less decisive, he or she took drugs largely because his or her so-called friends did. In consideration of this, firstly, the social worker can concentrate on the teaching the skill of refusing offers to use drugs secondly, it is crucial to find out the behind reasons through skillful counseling. Maybe the client feels lacking the support from family or can not be understood by others etc. which possibly contribute to different solutions and methods to deal with clients situation.During the counseling process, decision the strength (Hepworth, 2009) of the client is especially important for social workers to make it a part of the intervention. It is the essential solution that encouraging the clients to believe in themselves in order to enhance the self-strength efficiency during the process. The social worker can assist the client to set short term goal and long run goal for the rice beer of strengthening the self-esteem of the client. When the goals are settled, the social can also put forward the monitoring plan including the weekly meeting and self-monitoring on the behalf of the client. In all, it is practical to evoke the positive sides of the clients like helping and taking care of others, the pursuit of life goal, the capacity of anti-stress and meet the challenges.Parents are the key to the successful intervention. For the social worker, they can hold the workshop, panel discussion and keep in tou gh with parents. Because of lacking daily communication and interaction with the children, most young drug abusers parents did not interpret the changes of their children. The social workers held the workshop in order to create more opportunities for enhancing the interaction between those parents and children via interactive games and role-playing of using the videotapes to model positive and negative parent-child interaction, discussion etc. (Scharffer, Henggeler,2008).If the social worker finds the drug abuse /addiction case or is informed by the other parties, such as teachers, students and community members, it is necessary to make the referral in order to help the abuser efficiently and timely. After the rehabilitation, the case still requires to be followed in the long run, for there is usually existing the give out of drug addiction in the following months.Information inclination The cognition conducts the behavior, in the aspect of diversified intervention methods, that i s to say, what kind of the perspectives towards the matters decides the information inclination. Showing the mass media materials like videotapes and newspapers can provide vivid examples of the physical and mental disadvantages and damages to the clients.TheoriesLabeling theorySocial learning theoryJulian Rotter moved out from theories based on psychosis and behaviorism, and developed a learning theory. In Social Learning and Clinical Psychology (1954), Rotter suggests that the effect of behavior has an impact on the motivation of people to engage in that specific behavior. This social learning theory suggests that behavior is influenced by these environmental factors or stimulus, and not psychological factors alone.Albert Bandura (1977) expand on Rotters idea, as well as earlier work by Miller Dollard (1941), and is related to social learning theories of Vygotsky and Lave. Social learning suggests a combination of environmental (social) and psychological factors influence behavi ors. This theory incorporates aspects of behavioral and cognitive learning. Behavioral learning assumes that peoples environment (surroundings) cause people to behave in certain ways. Cognitive learning presumes that psychological factors are important for influencing how one behaves.Push-pull Theory Differential Association theoryEvidences/ supports of the youth substance abuserPeer influence is the major cause of youth drug abuseAccording to the survey in 2004, it reported that the commonest drug suppliers were the peers of the teenagers with 51.8 percent, and there were only 10.4 percent by drug dealers and 8.2 percent to 10.8 percent by parents, family members and relatives respectively.When the young drug abusers encounter some problems or troubles they tend to seek for help from those who provided the drugs to them as their first choice rather than the parents, teachers and social workers. One evoke founding in the 2004 survey was that psychotropic substance abusers would ra ther to get help from their close friends first (26.8percent ) than seek help from parents first with 11.8 percent and seek help from social workers counted to 9.3 percent.The reason for first try of drugs Knowledge deficit, misconceptions of substance use, academic problems, family problems and poor relationship with parents and peers have also driven them to have their first try (The 2004 Survey of Drug Use among Students, 2005 Boys, Marsden, Strang, 2001).

The Disturbing Tone of Rapunzel Essay -- Grimm Rapunzel Essays

The Disturbing Tone of Rapunzel   The story of Rapunzel has been passed throughout generations in the form of a fairy tale.  typic fairy tales come to a resolution ending happily ever after. It seems that there is always a villain, always a hero, and some secern of a moral or lesson to be grasped from each story (Rhetoric 102K/L class discussion/lecture, January 18, 2001). Most of the traditional fairy tales involve a damoiselle in distress, in which she is happily rescued by a true love. These types of stories leave readers feeling that those who are in pain and anguish bequeath eventually rise above and be granted pure happiness. It is this break in the traditional style that sets the Grimm stories apart from others.      Using the formalistic approach allows for the Grimm rendition of Rapunzel to be analyzed closely. For starters, the way a story begins and the first impression upon the reader are extremely important. The authors creatively set u p a position in which they manipulate the minds of their readers. They have to pave the road they want their readers to follow in order to have a greater impact. The road starts with the title, which is a orient indication of the main character, Rapunzel. While reading the story the authors have already given the reader a previous insight of what is to come. The story begins describing the situation of a man and his wife, who had long wished for a child, but in vain(Grimm 514). This opening line begins to unfold much of the story and reveals the main part of the story, how Rapunzel was the center of their wishes.      The name of the characters are insightful for the reader to relate the events and make connections. In th... ...ere no one else can go without permission. They climb a golden ladder to run into beauty. Rapunzel is perceived as innocent and pure. When the witch discovers her sin of connecting to the world and ruining this purity, her beauty is lost. Hence, the loss of her famous trait, her locks of hair.      This version of Rapunzel is still a fairy tale. It has the villain, the damsel in distress, the hero, and the happy ending. However, the tone of the story is more disturbing. The prince has a genuine affection for Rapunzel despite the loss of her gorgeous hair. The story explains how he seeked finding her originally because her yell had entered his heart(Grimm 516). The word choice here is very effective. The prince liked her before the display of her beauty. This is a typical fairy tale idea that they are meant to be together through fate.  

Essay --

Today we will explore the speech given by Mary Fisher at the 1992 Republi faecal matter National Convention entitled A Whisper of AIDS. The main purpose of Mary Fishers Speech A Whisper of AIDS was to promote awareness of the HIV/AIDS epidemic throughout the United States. Moreover, Fisher wanted it clear that no one, regardless of race, sex, mount up or any discriminatory factor, is safe from Human Immunodeficiency Virus because the virus only cares that one is a human being suitable of infection. However, the central approximation of Fishers address was to establish awareness that those living with the affliction of HIV/AIDS are still people and deserve the compassion wed give anyone else. Mary Fisher does an excellent job developing credibleness throughout her address. Throughout the speech, Fisher placed relatable factual information and statistical information wisely to help develop the legitimacy of her cause, but what makes shear data into relatable fact is by the way its presented. One can simply relegate information and data to an audience, but that doesnt guarantee that the audience will perceive it in the manner intended by the speaker or be affected by it at all. Just being who she was gave Fisher a great amount of credibility, establishing ethos as soon as she began speaking. Furthermore, Fisher utilizes the effective credibility building tool of personal experience. Her first hand experience and continued struggle with the human immunodeficiency virus gives her speech a higher likelihood of stretching a greater number of listeners. Fishers utilization of this credibility tool is facilitated when she states Though I am female and contracted this disease in marriage and enjoy the warm support of my family, I am one with the lonely gay man shelte... ...ss). By reaching out to each portion of her audience, Fisher can make an audience feel engaged in listening to her speech, because inclusive language makes a speaker seem like he or she is talk ing directly at ones self. In culmination, Mary Fishers address to the Republican National Convention can be considered a success. Fisher opened the eyes of her audience using the rhetorical devices of ethos, logos, and pathos. She not only do the audience understand the dire personality of the issue of HIV, but she challenged them to be civically responsible, and no longer treat those afflicted by the HIV virus with hate and fear. Most importantly, Mary Fisher made it clear to her audience that the HIV/AIDS affliction should not be kept hush hush, or as a whisper, but quite a we as American people should choose to see the problem and act and up for a safer future.